Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the Essay

Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the medieval city after the Christian conquest of 1085 - Essay Example This paper not only concentrates on the physical patterns that underwent changes during the transitional period, but also focuses on the several changes which cast their strong influences in human psyche of this place. It talks about the history of the city itself, the quintessential aspects of its transformation through the centuries, the effect of repopulation of the al-Andalusia region during the long years of the Reconquista and the people representing a large melting pot of various cultures and creeds, namely Christians, the Muslims and the Jewish minorities, who inhabited the city. The city being one of the most happening centers of physical, religious and cultural transformation has been the interest of a large number of archaeologists and historians, who tried to bring out the subtle tones of color representing the gradual change in the nature of the city, the outlook of the people and their social standing with respect to each other. This is a fact that these changes effected over a long period of time throughout the reign of Alfonso VI and continuing aftermath slowly imparted the final tones of color to the city whose traces can be linked even today. If we retrospect the entire history of medieval Spain and not just the city of Toledo, which was an integral part of the al-Andalus governed by the Islamic supremacy and the Berber regimes of Almohads and Almoravids, we would procure a tale of both oppression and tolerance throughout the entire period of change from the Islamic supremacy to Christian power. The chronicles that record this transformation also s peaks of the slow change in the lives of the people, the Christians and the Muslims along with the minorities, mostly the Jews, because reshaping of the city was also brought about by the changes in the religious and social scenario. It led to the mingling of different ritualistic practices among the Spanish population. This paper will focus on the Spanish mediaeval history when all these transformations took place giving birth to a multicultural milieu of Toledo. Reshaping Toledo is the main subject of this paper. Throughout the discussion, we shall try to examine in what sense the city was reshaped. There are different schools of thought who have said different things on whether the Muslim era in Toledo had its serious effect. This paper will also throw some light on whether the Christian era after Reconquest in the city was able to bring valuable changes to the city scenario. Regaining the power over Spanish states was a great achievement for the Christians, but our discussion wi ll try to evaluate this reign's actual influences on the physical, religious and symbolic aspects of Toledo. It might be noted that Medieval Spain went through several torments as the Christians showed up a constant fight to clinch power from the hand of Muslims. The Spanish battlefield remained a happening place throughout the medieval era and the crusade started at the point when the Muslims had their control almost all through the Western Europe. European continent was ruled by the Muslims from the beginning of the 8th century and they continued spreading until hindered by the exploits of Charles the Hammer. Defeat of the Muslim power in the Pyrenees resulted in their settlement in the

Nineteen Eighty Four - Dystopian Society Essay Example for Free

Nineteen Eighty Four Dystopian Society Essay In the novel â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† George Orwell created the dystopian society of Oceania, where the government has complete control of the language used by citizens. Aside from individuals of lower social class called the â€Å"Proles,† the â€Å"Party† constantly watches everyone. In an attempt to eliminate any chances of rebellion against the Party, they created the new language of â€Å"Newspeak. † Newspeak eliminates any controversial words along with all synonyms, antonyms and verbs. By doing this, the government has gained the power of meaning. Syme, a specialist in Newspeak tells the main character Winston exactly what control Newspeak has allowed the Party to have. â€Å"Don’t you see the whole aim of Newspeak is the narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall all make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. † (Orwell 54). Along with that, the Party also has complete control of written language by altering history related documents to match the history that is in favor of this political power. The altering of these documents is what happens to be Winston’s job. While at work Winston pondered the power of being able to control the past, coming to a startling realization. As written by the narrator of the novel, â€Å"the past, he reflected had not only been altered, it had actually been destroyed. For how could you establish even the most obvious fact when there existed no record outside your own memory? † (Orwell 36). On top of being historically mislead, citizens are restricted of express any thought of their own or any way to voice against the Party. When you no truthful record for the past, the past doesn’t exist. When you have no words to associate with a meaning, the meaning behind the word then vanishes just like the political history of Oceania. For these reasons, a society with government restricted verbal and written language is one that proves to be dystopian.

Database Management System

Database Management System Database for more Complex Information data Aim To review Why OODBMS is the DBMS of Choice for Complex data. Introduction: The aim of this research is to review why Object oriented database system (OODBMS) is the database management system of choice for complex data application OODBMS is a database management system that supports the modelling and creation of data as objects, includes supports for classes of objects, inheritance of class properties, methods by subclasses and their objects. Some Client Server application uses RDBMS for data storage and Object oriented programming language for development. This type of scenario would have performance issues because objects must be mapped to the database tables this is referred to as impedance mismatch. To avoid this object-relational impedance mismatch problems caused by having to map object, it became necessary to have an alterative method of storing and mapping data. Client server application using RDBMS as described above is not a good choice for complex data as such OODBMS provides a better alternative. Origin and History of OODBMS Database Management System (DBMS) is software designed for managing and controlling access to databases. DBMS is â€Å"a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data) designed to meet the information needs of an organisation† (Connolly Begg). The first DBMS was introduced in the ‘60s and before this time, data handling was done using file based method. File based method stored data in individual data files with interface between programmes and files. Mapping happens between physical and logical file, where one file correspond to one or more several other programs. Extensive programming in third generation language like Cobol, were used in creating, manipulating and accessing data. There are so many problems with this method of storing data e.g. increased programme maintenance and development time, redundant data, weak security, separation and isolation which means each program maintains its own set of data, users of one program may not be aware of holding or blocking by other programs. As a result of the limitations in File based method a better way of data handling was required which led to the creation of DBMS to address these problems. The need to organise and share data on large sized projects also contributed to the creation of DBMS. DBMS control the organisation and structure of the data storage and is independent of the program that is being used to access the data. Early DBMS systems represent the first generation of DBMS and theses are: Hierarchical design by IBM Information Management System IMS.IMS is still the main hierarchical DBMS used by most large mainframe installations. Network design by General Electric Integrated Data Store (IDS) -CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) or DBTG Systems The main problems with the Hierarchical and Network designs are that the Systems lack structural independence and are very complex The distinguishing feature of storing data in files and databases is that multiple programs and types of users are able to use the databases. Relational database management system (RDBMS) The term Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) was introduced by Edgar Frank Codd in his paper, â€Å"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks† which was published in 1970. This paper formalized the basis for a RDBMS. RDBMSs are referred to as the second-generation Database Management systems, and the definition of what constitutes a relational database system with the guideline for the development of RDBMS is in Codds 12 Rules for relational systems published in 1985. RDBMS has three main characteristics which are: Information are held in form of a table, where data are described using values. Data in the table columns should not be repeated. Use of Standard Query Language (SQL). Relational model is the main data model and the foundation for many leading database products that include DB2 from IBM, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsofts Access and SQL Server, and Ingres. The market for RDBMS represent close to a multibillion-dollar. No need for the use of predefined keys to input information in RDBMS which make it more flexible than the first generation DBMS. Also SQL is easy to learn making RDBMS more productive. the main advantage of RDBMSs is the ease with which users can easily create, access and manipulate data if need be. Other benefits of RDBMS are: Multi-threading for users. Asynchronous Input/Output for performance issues. Data Partitioning. Parallel database queries for processing complex query. Scalable architecture. Advanced management tools and security with automatic data logging and recovery Referential Integrity for Data consistency. Transactional management features for database consistency Though RDBMSs has served effectively for number of years, it has certain limitations that were exposed by increasingly demands for complex data types and high performance applications. RDBMS limitations include but not limited to the following: Relational databases are unable to handle complex multimedia data such as images, video and audio clips due to lack of storage capacity. RDBMS support only few simple datatypes, e.g. integer, floating point, character string and date/time. These user-defined datatypes are useful just for defining value domains. Some RDBMS support binary large objects (BLOBs, image, text) which are used as pointers to external storage, these objects are difficult to manage and exchange. Standard SQL is limiting, which made vendor to create specific extensions such as, Sybase Transact-SQL, Oracle SQL*Plus. Also RDBMS do not work efficiently with languages such as Java scripts and C++ which emerged after the RDBMS original development Impedance mismatch: The data type in the database systems is mismatching with the complex data structure created by application. RDBMS also uses mixed different programming paradigms, in which data with different types and locations are handled at the same time. Information in RDBMS are in tables where relationships between the entities are defined by values. Data in RDBMS cannot represent Real World Entities; normalization leads to relations that do not correspond to object in the real world Because of the above limitations and the challenges of Complex data applications, Internet and the Web usage, Object-oriented databases management system (OODBMS) was introduced in the 1980s. OODBMS offer extensible and controlled data management services, consistency, data independent and secure environment, to object-oriented model. OODBMS handle big and complex information systems that RDBMS was unable to handle. RDBMS has been very successful with huge investments in its development by many big database vendors. RDBMS has many loyal customer base in the corporate relational databases community and a large Industry based on RDBMS applications and systems development. Because of this, major RDBMS vendors (Oracle, IBM, and Informix) came up with another DBMS called Object Related Database Management System (ORDBMS) to allow organisations to run legacy systems and new Object Oriented based systems in parallel, and gradually migrates to the new ORDBMS technology as its benefits become more apparent Thus RDBMS vendors developed ORDBMS as a way to meet the challenges of the traditional RDBMSs and as a future proof for corporate investment. However ORDBMS still fail to hide the inherent mismatch between relational and object oriented database models. Object oriented database system (OODBMS) have their origin in Object Oriented Programming Languages (OOPL). OODBMS started as a research in the mid ‘70s, the research is based on having a real database management support for graph-structured objects. Around this time also, several shortcomings of RDBMS were highlighted within the database community and It was also acknowledge that OOPL had very strong advantages over the non-OOPL for many programming applications. Some of the advantages are: Strong encapsulations which make it easier to program large and complex applications Inheritance features, which enable code reuse. Application programmers also want to make object persistent that is object lifespan should extend beyond single program execution One of the early researches project on OODBMS was the ORION Research Project in the early 1980, which was conducted by Won Kim at the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC). Two products were developed from the research, the ITASCA that is no longer in existence and the Versant OODBMS. Some other OODBMS commercial products are Gemstone that was known before as Servio Logic, Gbase (Graphael) and Vbase (Ontologic) In the early ‘90s addition products entered the market, some of these are: Objectivity/DB (Objectivity, Inc) ObjectStore (Progress Software, as acquisition from excelon which was originally Object Design) O2 snd Versant Object database (Versant Corporation) ONTOS (Ontos Inc formally Ontologic) ITASCA Jasmine (Fujitsu, marketed by Computer Associates) Some of these products are still available in the market with the introduction of new commercial Open source products in early 2004 e.g InterSystems , Ozone, Zope , FramerD and XL2. The open source products are gaining high recognition in the markets. The concepts of persistence to object programming language have been added to OODBMS. Early commercial products were integrated with programming languages e.g. Gemstone uses Smalltalk, Gbase uses LSIP and Vbase uses COP. C++ is the dominant language during the early 90s for OODBMS markets. Java and C# were introduce by vendors in the late 90s. The open source object databases are entirely written in Object Oriented Programme languages like Java or C#, e.g. db4objects (db4o) and Perst (McObject). Chris Muller has also recently created another open source Object database called Magma (Written in Squeak). Open Source products are reasonably affordable and easy to use and this opes the second growth period for Object database. Manifestos â€Å"The Object Oriented Database Manifesto† by Atkinson et al, 1989 listed the mandatory features that a system needs before it can be known as an OODBMS. Object oriented database manifesto abandons the relational model design by determining the basic rules of object database systems. The characteristics of the object DBMS is grouped into three by the Manifesto. Mandatory: Encapsulation, Object identity, types/classes, complex objects, overriding combined with late binding, inheritance, extensibility, persistence, computational completeness, concurrency, ad hoc query , secondary storage management and recovery facilities.. Open: this is decided on by the designer and include the representation of system, uniformity of type system and the programming paradigm Optional: includes multiple inheritance, type checking, inferring, distributions, versions and design transactions The OODBMS manifesto was unacceptable by some relational database professional, so another competitive manifestos was introduced â€Å"The Third-generation System Manifesto† by Stonebraker et al 1990.This manifesto retain all features of relational Database System that are practically proven (e.g. SQL) and augment the old features with new ones, e.g. the object-oriented concepts. â€Å"The Third Manifesto† which is written by Darwen and Date 1995 rejected both the object-oriented ideas and SQL which according to them defeat the relational models ideas, and to return to the genuine relational model and Codds 12 rule. The document produced for this manifesto is very controversial, from the current way software engineering and query/programming languages are done now. The arguments presented in this manifesto are more ideological rather than technical and this make the manifesto very difficult to be accepted by many databases professional. The newest version of the manifesto (2006) still retains these ideological assertions. Object-Oriented Database Management System Development review OODBMS stores Objects rather than data such as Integers, strings and real numbers, Objects consists of Attributes and Methods Attributes: They are data that defines the characteristics of an object. This data may be integers, strings and real number, or the data may be a reference to a complex object. Methods: This defines the behaviour of an object and methods are procedures or functions. The introduction of OODBMS was to reduce impedance mismatch between programming languages and database management system, to offer performance advantages and to provide clear support for complex user defined type including the ability to call, store and query complex object directly The developments of OODBMS support the modelling and creation of data as objects, extends programming languages with capabilities like data recovery, concurrency control, persistent and other relational capabilities. OODBMS are used when there is a need for good performance processing on complex applications because it takes a revolutionary approach to database management. OODBMS do not use table to store data, data are stored in objects and it handles concurrent access and provides a persistent store for objects in a multi-user client/server environment. OODBMS uses class definitions and traditional Object Oriented languages such as, C++ and Smalltalk for defining and accessing data instead of using separate language like SQL in defining, manipulating and retrieving data. OODBMS can be viewed as an extension of the OO language, providing direct integration to database capabilities. Object-Oriented database development initially focuses only on application that manages complex information like the Computer Aided Software Engineering, Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer Aided design (CAD) applications. Other applications where object-oriented database technologies are now being used include: Telecommunications applications Hospital applications Finance institutions Multimedia applications Document/quality management OODBMS development enforces object oriented programming concepts such as data encapsulation, polymorphism, object Identity, inheritance as well as database transaction management concepts e.g the ACID PROPERTIES (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) which improve the integrity of the system.. OODBMS also support secondary storage management systems with ad hoc query languages , these permits the management of very large data. The inclusion of data definition within operations definitions in Object Oriented Database Management System has the following advantages: The defined operations are not dependent on the database application running at the moment and they apply ubiquitously. Inheritance allows the development of solutions for complex problems incrementally, and this is achieved by defining new objects in terms of the previously defined objects. Extension of Datatypes to support complex data such as multi-media, this is done by defining new object classes which have operations to support the new kinds of information. Object identity (OID) enables objects to be independent of each other in the database. Data encapsulation, this allows the internal state of the object to be hidden. Objects that are encapsulated are the ones that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objects: Full encapsulation, here all the operations on objects are performed through message sending and by the execution of method. Write encapsulation, here the internal state of the object is allowed for reading operations only. Partial encapsulations, this allows direct access to reading and writing to some part of the internal state Another distinguishing characteristic of objects is that they have an identity that is independent of the state of the object. For example, if one has a car object and we remodel the car and change its appearance, the brake and the tires so that it looks entirely different, it would still be recognized as the same object we had originally before the changes were applied. Object-identity allows objects to be related as well as shared within a distributed computing network. All of these advantages come together to provide significant help to database application developers making development easier. The advantages also allow object-oriented databases development to solve information management problems that are characterized by the need to manage: A large number of different data types, A large number of relationships between the objects, and Objects with complex behaviours. An application development where this kind of complexity exists includes engineering, manufacturing, simulations, office automation and large information systems. Currently there is no widely agreed standard for what constitutes an OODBMS and no standard query language for OODBMS that is equivalent to what SQL is to the RDBMS. The Object Data Management Group (ODMG) a consortium of Object-Oriented Database Management System (ODBMS) vendors and interested parties working on standards to allow the portability of customer software across ODBMS products and to create a standardized Object Query Language (OQL) and object definition language (ODL). The work of ODMG on object data management standards completed in 2001 and the group was disbanded. The final release of the ODMG standard is: Object Database Standard (ODMG-3.0). Because the ODMG group was dissolved in 2001and this made the standardization of Object database languished. Another group was formed in 2005 called the OMG,s Object Database Technology Working group (ODBTWG) which is now working on a new standard to reflect recent changes in OODBMS technology. The main features of an OODBMS development is the way in which object is access in a transparent way such that interaction with persistent objects is the same as interacting with in memory objects. RDBMSs require the use of interaction through a query sub-language like SQL and the use of ODBC, ADO or JDBC. All this is unnecessary with OODBMS. In OODBMS when a request is made for an object in the database, the object is transferred into the applications cache where it is either used as a temporary value that is detached from the main version in the database so any updates to the cached object will not affect the object in the database. Object can also be used as the exact copy of the version in the database, so here any updates to the object are shown in the database and any changes to object in the database means the object has to be retrieved again from the OODBMS. There are a number of implementation of OODBMS with both research and commercial application. Each implementation is different based on the Object oriented languages, which form their origin. Some of these developments are discussed below: Gemstone: This was mainly based on smalltalk and its data definition and manipulation language is called opal. Gemstone do not provide all of most of the object-oriented features, it does not provide multiple inheritance. Iris: This is a research prototype, with the purpose if meeting the needs of applications like CASE tools, CAD etc. (Fisman et al (1987). It is designed to be accessible from any number of programming languages VBase: This is commercially available and is built with a schema definition language concept when objects are defined as data types. The main purposed of Vbase is to combine the procedural language with persistent object support, it also has the strong typing inherent in object systems for both language and database. O2: This is based on the framework of a set and tuple data model. It is designed with the purposed of integrating database technology with the object- oriented approach, for an all in one system. (Lecluse , et al 1988) Most of the OODBMS development discussed, tried to meet object orientation approach in someway, they do this by implementing various OODBMS features. There are major differences in the physical implementation of each model as well as the number of features implemented. Two Examples of companies using OODBMS are: British Telecominication uses Versant Mclaren develop the Formula one racing car uses Jasmine OODBMS Comparison criteria between RDBMS and OODBMS including the pros and cons. RDBMS and OODBMS differ in many ways example is in application domain, performance, usage, current market demand and support from vendors. RDBMS and OODBMS comparisons are done to get a better understanding for how the two databases differ and why OODBMS is better for large complex applications. A significant difference between object-oriented databases and relational databases is that object-oriented databases represent relationships explicitly, supporting both navigational and associative access to information data. As the complexity of the interrelation between database information increases, so is the advantage of representing relationships explicitly increase too. Explicit relationships usage also improves data access performance over relational value-based applications. Support for Object Oriented Programming Language (OOPL): Object Oriented Programming is not ideal for RDBMS, programmers spend most of the of coding time mapping the program object to the database In OODBMS, programming is direct and extensive, OOPL are designed to allow an application developer to create a complex sequence of instructions with less difficulty Standards: The defined standard for RDBMS is SQL, with main elements being DDL, DML DCL. The current version of the standard is SQL 3, SQL 3 defines the new features used in ORDBMS. ODMG is the group that maintains the standards for OODBMS the main components of standard being ODL and OQL. Most recent version of this standard is ODMG-3.0 and there are no new standard yet to reflect the advances in OODBMS technology. Product Maturity: RDBMS is a second generation and in a much matured stage. RDBMSs have good implementation with many support services such as the tool support for reporting, data transformations, OLAP tools etc. RDBMS is available from many vendors; this made it an obvious choice for most of the users. OODBMS is the 3rd generation DBMS making it relatively new, it emerged after the RDBMS, new ODMG standard still not in the final stage. Some implementations are available but still do not fully support all the features. Simplicity of use: The table structure in RDBMS is very easy to understand by user and also RDBMS has many end-user tools. OODBMS is mainly for developers, not many end user tools are available for object database products but this is hopefully expected to improve over time. Versioning of Data: Versioning of data is not supported by RDBMS but the user using multiple records with some of the attributes describing the versioning information can implement this feature. Versioning are defined by the user Versioning is supported naturally by OODBMS this is to maintain multiple versions of the data objects Complex data relationships: RDBMS provides basic relational tables, user-defined sets of records with system-defined domains, in addition to more high-level types defined in application. OODBMS has the same type system for system-defined and user-defined types. It is open-ended. Performance: OODBMS performed better than RDBMS based on the Object Operations version OO1 benchmark that was done on the OODBMS software (GemStone, Objectivit0079/DB, Ontos, Objectstore) and RDBMSs (Ingres and Sybase) in 1989 and 1990. Object in OODBMS is a better model of the real world entity than the relational rows in regards to complex applications. OODBMS outperform RDBMS when it comes to handling complex and interrelated data. Also the lack of impedance mismatch in OODBMS means they provide significantly better performance than RDBMS. Impedance mismatch require the mapping of one data structure i.e. tables to another data structure i.e. objects and this slows down performance on in RDBMs. Also the client catching features in OODBMS improve performance and also no joins are required in OODBMS Application Domain: RDBMS is used for large administrative systems, with many instances of simple data types; it can only handle short transactions and few data at a time. OODBMS is for design applications, with many and complex object oriented data types, handles long transactions and large client data. Semantic Gap (DDL/DML Vs. PL): RDBMS offers relational tables in some DDL and a standardized DML with client/server support and with embedded SQL in many Programming languages(PL). SQL is not computationally complete. Applications may have further, often high-level types and special storage structures expressed in some PL. In OODBMS, same OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES like C++ and small talk is used for both client and server. It does accommodate only object-oriented languages and does not accommodate cobol. The database PL is computationally complete. Query Optimization: This is very strong in RDBMS because of the restricted set of data type. OODBMS has poor query optimization because of the complex data structure Primary Keys: In RDBMS rows are uniquely identifying based on the value and also no two records can have the same primary key values this is to avoid error conditions. In an OODBMS, Object Identifiers (OID) which are system generated are used to uniquely identify an object and this is done behind the scenes and this is completely invisible to the user. With this feature in OODBMS there is no limitation on the value that can be stored in an object, thus increasing the efficiency of the database. Vendors Support : RDBMS is highly successful because of the large market size but most of the vendors of RDBMS are adding the capabilities of Object oriented to their applications so they are moving towards ORDBMS. OODBMS are targeting niche market because they lack of support from Vendors. This is due to the fact that the market for RDBMS is very large and it is difficult for vendors to move away from legacy systems that are mostly based on RDBMS. OODBMS Functionality and performance review: Complex process integration among companies is the driving force for adopting OODBMS. The capabilities of Objected-oriented programming language are integrated to the technology of DBMS in OODBMS. Designs of Object database are quite different because object database design is the essential part of the overall application design process. In OODBMS the Object classes used is the same as the classes used by the programming language. Data are stored in tables with columns and rows in relational databases i.e. data are represented in two-dimensional view. This is effective for applications that are simple, straightforward system, possessing low volume. RDBMS is good for application with simple relationships between data. Relational database technology failed to handle the needs of complex information systems because it requires the developer to force an information model into tables where relationships between entities are defined by values and, Relational database requires translation of sub-language like SQL and call interface like JDBC/ODBC. All these slows down the RDBMS data performance Support of abstract object interfaces is actively provided by OODBMS. It manages types, classes and methods, including the execution of methods. Data can be represented in more than two-dimensional view and relationships between data are represented explicitly which improve data access performance The basic functionality of relational database management systems is combined with new functionality of Object oriented in OODBMS. The basic functionalities are: Persistence Transaction Management and Concurrency control Security Recovery Data Access performance Query. Persistence: This is the ability of an object to be stored on a permanent medium and can survive program termination or shutdown. i.e. it can survive the duration of the OS process in which it resides. Persistence data to survive transaction updates they have to be stored outside transaction context. The addition of persistent to objects is essential to making OODBMS applications useful in practice this because most applications need to handle persistent data. Persistence is dealt with in OODBMS by the addition of persistence to object programming language like C++, Smalltalk and Java. OODBMS support persistent objects from data distribution, programming languages, transaction model, versions, schema evolution and generation of new types. Another way OODBMS offer persistence is through Inheriting from a common class. Transaction Management and Concurrency control: The use some form of versioning systems is the means of managing updates to multiple data at the same time in OODBMS, without any interference from one another. OODBMS products allow the objects to remain in the client cache after committing a transaction this is done so that the application is able to reference it again soon. This feature increase performance with the way data are stored and retrieved from the database. Concurrency control enables users to see the same view of object data in OODBMS. This allows a lot of reads and writes operations to go on in parallel while ensuring that the data is in consistent and good state. Security: Secure OODBMSs have certain characteristics that make them unique. The concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, information hiding, methods, and the ability to model real-world entities in object oriented environment provide security model in OODBMS. OODBMS may encapsulate a series of basic access commands into a method and make it public for users, while keeping basic commands themselves away from users. Little work has been done in OODBMS application to add security mechanism against malicious misuse of data. Recovery: Recovery features in OODBMS allow a consistent state of the database to be reinstated after a system crash or failure. This is done by either by rolling back the uncommitted transaction or rolling forward of transactions that has been committed but not completely flushed to disk. Data Access performance

Computer Software Piracy And Its Impact On The International Economy :: essays research papers fc

Computer Software Piracy and it's Impact on the International Economy The PC industry is over twenty years old. In those twenty years, evolving software technology brings us faster, more sophisticated, versatile and easy-to-use products. Business software allows companies to save time, effort and money. Educational computer programs teach basic skills and complicated subjects. Home software now includes a wide variety of programs that enhance the users productivity and creativity. The industry is thriving and users stand to benefit along with the publishers. The SPA (Software Publishers Association) reports that the problem of software theft has grown, and threatens to prevent the development of new software products. Unauthorized duplication of software is known as software piracy which is a "Federal offense that affects everyone† ("Software Use..." Internet). The following research examines software piracy in its various forms, its impact on the end user and the international industry as a whole, and the progress that has been made in alleviating the problem. Software piracy harms all software companies and ultimately, the end user. Piracy results in higher prices for honest users, reduced levels of support and delays in funding and development of new products, causing the overall breadth and quality of software to suffer† ("What is...† Internet). Even the users of unlawful copies suffer from their own illegal actions: they receive no documentation, no customer support and no information about product updates ("Software Use..." Internet). The White Paper says that while virtually every software publisher expresses concern about their software from unauthorized duplication, over time, many have simply accepted the so-called "fact" that such duplication is unavoidable. This has created an atmosphere in which software piracy is commonly accepted as "just another cost of doing business" ("With the Growth..." Internet). In a brochure published by the SPA it is stated that a major problem arises from the fact that most people do not even know they are breaking the law. "Because the software industry is relatively new, and because copying software is so easy, many people are either unaware of the laws governing software use or choose to ignore them" ("To Copy or not to Copy" Internet). Robert Perry states that much of the problem of software theft arises from the way the software industry developed. In the past, when a software firm spent millions of dollars to write a program for a mainframe computer, it knew it would sell a handful of copies. It licensed each copy to protect its ownership rights and control the use of each copy. That is easy to do with only a few copies of a program. It is impossible for a software company to handle

Alcohol Abuse in the Work Place

There are individuals suffering from too much stress or worry that would resort to drinking alcoholic beverages to calm their nerves . There is a feeling of relaxation upon taking alcoholic drinks and this is true with moderate amount of intake.Excessive drinking by employees will cause hangovers, a real   pain in the workplace. Heavy drinkers employees is an expensive problem for many business   and industries worldwide brought by their absenteeism. The losses includes productivity, injuries and additional claims on health insurance.The moderate amount of alcoholic   drinks like a   single or two glasses   of wine, a shot of vodka, beer, whiskey or   whatever drinks with alcohol can relax an employee after work but the excess intake maybe a defense against   life problem. Alcoholic abuse become an issue and a serious one in the workplace.When an employee was   hooked into alcoholic drinks, he cannot face the day without alcoholic drink even early in the morning, cann ot attend   a social or professional meeting, conceal how many bottles he drank or in denial about his drinking. The cycle   of excessive   alcoholic drinking   will continue   that will   lead   to job   loss, financial worries, loneliness, divorce and may even jeopardized   a marriage relationship (Bartholomew 89).Many of the excessive alcohol drinkers doesn’t realize that   their vicious cycle of   drinking can create a feeling of depression And   they can only overcome the feeling by   drinking and drinking until there is a feeling   of numbness. Further depression leads to   increase intake of alcoholic drinks.Alcoholic   abuse at workplace   will be explored and analyzed to understand the reasons, symptoms   and possible plan of actions to correct and prevent excessive   drinking. This study   will be of significance to many individuals who are currently hooked with alcoholisms, students of social sciences, families and relatives of alcoholic drinkers and the entire society.DiscussionEvery individual have a choice if they   want to have   alcoholic addiction. Alcoholic abuse in the workplace   does not only harm   the excessive drinker but   threatens   the company   and co-employees safety , affects   their job   performance and result to great loss in productivity (Lehman 88).The immediate superior and co-workers   of alcoholic employee are into an awkward   position to decide whether to report their   alcoholism or to cover up their mistakes. There   are circumstances that   employees does not drink at   the   workplace but   prior to work reporting   were   already   equipped   with full tank of alcoholic drinks inside his body, this will   definitely affect   the   individual’s job performance, prone to accident and became less productive. The workload are not accomplished on time and other employees are affected by work backlogs.There are many sign s and symptoms that an employee is into alcoholism while at workplace such as unexplained, prolonged and frequent absences, prone to accidents while out or in at work, reduced productivity, overreactions to criticisms, suspicious of other workers, erratic work patterns, hard to conceal hangovers   in the   morning, indifference with   personal hygiene, exhausted easily, slurred speech and  Ã‚   unsteady walking. The signs of physical deterioration and loss in productivity are prominent. There are circumstances that   other co-workers who covered up the alcoholic drinkers, lend them money   and   patched their work load (Bartholomew 89).This instance will not be of help to alcoholic drinker at the workplace for they have all the chance to continue their bad habits of drinking. Other co-workers will attempt to handle the situation of alcoholic employee and will not seek assistance or advice from qualified personnel of the company.This act of co-worker is not enough to co rrect the alcoholics from their vices and it is advisable to report their co-worker (Shinderman 65).. The threat   of losing his job is present but it may be the other way around, he may intend to seek help from qualified personnel and correct the wrongdoings.The employers of alcoholic drinkers have much larger problems than their afflicted employee and it is detrimental to the company’s productivity. Absenteeism for employees under the influence of alcohols have higher percentage than other employees, prone to claim more sickness benefits and account that intoxicated people are   more prone to   accidents at workplace.The incident of alcoholism was not limited to lower level workers but even those employees in rank positions are prone to alcoholism (Lehman 86). Taking steps   in assisting the alcoholic drinkers at workplace is significant in preventing their addiction to   alcohol and possible remedial action that would not only beneficial to the employee but as   well as   to their co-workers and families. The workplace is one of the community’s vital component in changing the attitudes of alcoholic abuse victims towards an intoxicated consumption of alcoholic drinks (Bartholomew 91).Paying   close attention to   alcohol abusive employees   of   the company is an approach to warn the alcoholics that a company can enforce action against   alcohol abuse. Interventions by   employers such as   talking   directly to   alcohol   intoxicated   employee and informing them of possible   actions for their   misdeeds can improve the rate of recovering from alcoholism. Alcoholism can be   regarded as a health issue   but at   the same time is an integrity issue in the corporate world. By helping an alcoholic employee at workplace is a plan to restore the confidence of the company and the employee himself.Creating positive changes in workplace will only happen with alcohol-free policies, programs and possible c onsequences at workplace. Improving the worker’s environment will provide benefit to every one at in the workplace (Lehman 89).A clear message that employee’s alcoholism is not only his problem but the entire company’s problem and working together to solve alcoholic abuse will be one of the best course of actions.Various conditions and situations accompanied alcohol abuse, an example is an alcoholic employee with mood swings and depression   and its can be observed when he is having difficulty to focus on his work and meet   their schedules. Outburst of temper, restlessness, poor attention to details, impatience, tolerance to boredom, disorganized thoughts and working table, impaired concentration, procrastination, inability for relaxation and no follow through are symptoms that an employee is into alcoholism.Alcohol abuse is a kind of psychological disorder with an individual’s difficulty to control the excessive intake of alcohol with recurrent nega tive outcomes. The amount and frequency of alcohol intake may differ from one individual to another but the pre-occupation with alcohol with negative effects matters.The urbanization of a society explain the theory that alcohol has been discovered and utilized as replacement for unclean water reservoir   and it is not surprising that there are individuals with high alcohol tolerance (Bartholomew 94).The range of alcohol abuse damage   the different aspects of an individual life and possibly others. The overabundance of alcohol will have an impact on the physical aspect of an employee such as cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol dementia, heart disease, sexual dysfunction and even death. In social aspect, the impact of alcohol abuse includes jeopardy in marriage, divorce and anti-social behavior because of alienated consideration by the society.In terms of economic, there is a possibility of losing one’s employment, poor judgment, incapacity to pay the living quarters and finan cial difficulties. Alcohol abuse may also have legal consequences when an individual was charges for public disorders or driving under the influence of liquor (Lehman 85).The emotional consequences of alcohol abuse will damage the relationship to their children when father or head of the family is the alcoholic, chance for verbal abuse to his coworkers and family members and lose of one’s self respect.

Valence Electron Definition in Chemistry

Valence Electron Definition in Chemistry A valence electron is an electron that is the most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction. They are typically the electrons with the highest value of the principal quantum number, n. Another way to think of valence electrons is that they are the outermost electrons in an atom, so they are the most susceptible to participation in chemical bond formation or ionization. The simplest way to identify the valence electrons is to look for the highest number in the electron configuration of an atom (the principal quantum number). Its worth noting the IUPAC definition of valence is for the single highest valence value that is displayed by an atom of an element. However, in practical use, main group elements of the periodic table may display any valence from 1 to 7 (since 8 is a complete octet). Most elements have preferred values of valence electrons. The alkali metals, for example, almost always display a valence of 1. The alkaline earths tend to display a valence of 2. The halogens usually have a valence of 1, yet may sometimes display a valence of 7. The transition metals may display a range of valence values because the highest energy electron subshell is only partially filled. Those atoms become more stable by emptying the shell, half-filling it, or completely filling it. Examples Magnesiums ground state electron configuration is 1s22s2p63s2, the valence electrons would be the 3s electrons because 3 is the highest principal quantum number.Bromines ground state electron configuration is 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s2p5, the valence electrons would be the 4s and 4p electrons.

A Mid Summer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essays

A Mid Summer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essays A Mid Summer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essay A Mid Summer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essay The exact same thing is happening to Hermia as she is being told to marry under the Athenian law that she must do as her father wishes. We also notice that the workmens play gives an almost perfect outline to what Romeo and Juliet is about, which maybe trying to boost the popularity of Romeo and Juliet (one of Shakespeares earlier plays). Although Lysander makes the boldest comments about love in the play, other people in the play make different comments on love which, in a way, support Lysanders claim. For example Bottom says: `Methinks, mistress, you should have little reason for that. This is what Bottom says to Titania as she declares her true love for him after having the `love-in-idleness potion put in her eyes. He goes on to over rule what he previously said by saying: `reason and love keep little company together, which from this play you could say is a very appropriate statement. Theseus also claims that `lovers and madmen are of imagination all compact. This claim, in terms of this play, is true as we can see from the young lovers in the wood fighting for the love of Helena, Oberon and Titanias relationship would also back up this claim. All the people in love behave irrationally at one point during the play, proving even more so that Lysanders claim was a perfectly valid one. After the whole ordeal in the wood is over and all the young lovers are in harmony, Puck makes this comment about them: `lord what fools these mortals be. Referring not only do the workmen making their play and the exaggerated lovers are making fools of themselves, but mortals in general. Puck has been given a stereotypical view of mortals from the few he encountered in the wood and he comes to the conclusion that they do nothing but constantly argue and act foolishly. In this play we notice there is a contrast between two different worlds, the fairies come at night and mortals rule they daylight, yet it seems the mortals are too quick to dismiss the existence of the fairies. Even though fairies are seemingly a harmless myth, mortals rarely venture into the wood during the night. Yet the young lovers were forced to by the will of Hermias father and it seems that even though the fairies saved the lovers, they still dismiss their nights in the wood as a `dream without consideration of any mythical forces. They do not thank the fairies for making their love run smooth as previously it was in havoc. We have a story from the fairies and one from the mortals, when they meet it gives the play a mysterious twist but also ends with a traditional happy ending, as with all fairy stories. From this play you gain many contrasting views on love, from most of the characters involved, but to say `the course of true love never did run smooth, is not true; to say that sometimes true love does not smooth is certainly true. In this play none of the love we are told about has always run smooth and at the end we are left wondering if of Oberon and Titanias are now truly happy. The four young lovers didnt have certain futures until they had their `dream like experience in the woods with the fairies. Theseus had to fight and be determined to killto win the love of Hippolyta. We never find out if Bottom had true love for Titania, even though she did for him; yet that was only short lived as Oberon changed her back to normal with the `love-in-idleness. I conclude that the statement made by Lysander: `the course of true love never did run smooth, is mostly true because in the pay all the lovers experience problems caused by love, and they are forced to work hard to make sure their love with `run smooth. It seems all relationships are expected to have their ups and downs.

Free Essays on Oil Sands

Oil is one of the most important resources consumed in modern day society. It provides not only raw materials for the making of plastics and other synthetics, but it also provides fuel for energy, industry, heating, and transportation. The fuels that are extracted from oil contribute to more than half of the world's total supply of energy. Oil provides fuel for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft, and ships. Oil products are used to heat homes and commercial buildings, and it is also used to generate electricity. Oil products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing, plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber. The use of oil as a source of raw material in manufacturing is vital to the functioning of modern day industry. This critical analysis explores the history of oil, the oil sands process, and the economic impact of oil on the modern world. The oil industry goes way back, this sector has been an influential force to society as early as 1880. Oil’s primary use in the 19th century was for candles, grease, and lamp fuel in Canada. It wasn’t until the First World War in which this sector started to boom. By the turn of the century, oil started to fuel cars, tractors, trucks, industrial equipment, and airplanes in Canada. This era was known as â€Å"the Great Oil Age†. Oil began to shape people’s lives, cities, and countries. At the turn of World War II a new discovery of oil had been accomplished in the fields of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Finding these gas fields impacted the Canadian economy with a mighty force. â€Å"By 1990 that industry produced 550 times as much oil as in 1930, 165 times as much natural gas. And Canada’s producing provinces, especially Alberta, soon found their economies driven by powerful petroleum engines.†(Reference #2) The process involved in removing the oil sand from the mine and extrac... Free Essays on Oil Sands Free Essays on Oil Sands Oil is one of the most important resources consumed in modern day society. It provides not only raw materials for the making of plastics and other synthetics, but it also provides fuel for energy, industry, heating, and transportation. The fuels that are extracted from oil contribute to more than half of the world's total supply of energy. Oil provides fuel for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft, and ships. Oil products are used to heat homes and commercial buildings, and it is also used to generate electricity. Oil products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing, plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber. The use of oil as a source of raw material in manufacturing is vital to the functioning of modern day industry. This critical analysis explores the history of oil, the oil sands process, and the economic impact of oil on the modern world. The oil industry goes way back, this sector has been an influential force to society as early as 1880. Oil’s primary use in the 19th century was for candles, grease, and lamp fuel in Canada. It wasn’t until the First World War in which this sector started to boom. By the turn of the century, oil started to fuel cars, tractors, trucks, industrial equipment, and airplanes in Canada. This era was known as â€Å"the Great Oil Age†. Oil began to shape people’s lives, cities, and countries. At the turn of World War II a new discovery of oil had been accomplished in the fields of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Finding these gas fields impacted the Canadian economy with a mighty force. â€Å"By 1990 that industry produced 550 times as much oil as in 1930, 165 times as much natural gas. And Canada’s producing provinces, especially Alberta, soon found their economies driven by powerful petroleum engines.†(Reference #2) The process involved in removing the oil sand from the mine and extrac...

How low self esteem affects adolescents and substance abuse Essay

How low self esteem affects adolescents and substance abuse - Essay Example When someone is unable to accomplish the assignment, he might develop a low self-esteem when discouraged about his failure. Because of this, it is essential to support a person whenever he fails an assignment. This process encourages him to work even harder and do things in a different way that can help him succeed. There are several causes of low self-esteem. Discouragement or disapproving figures often cause a person to feel worthless and useless. During this time, a person might feel valueless because of his negative feelings towards himself. It often causes people to use drugs to calm their nerves (Sorensen, 2006). Such people often feel valueless and useless to the society. This situation encourages them to abuse drugs, which leads to other health defects. Because of this, it is vital to help those feeling discouraged, feel useful to both themselves and the society. Usage of drugs can also cause a person to resort to suicide attempts on his life. Lack of attention is another factor that causes a person to develop a low self-esteem. It is because of the need to want more, but there is no one available to give. Some people might want more than they have, but lack the right person to encourage them to work hard, or ascend to their request. This situation might lead to substance abuse in order to seek attention. Substance abuse can lead to stigmatization, which can lead to suicidal attempts (Sorensen, 2006). Lack of attention often makes a person feel alone and unwanted in the society. It is because they often feel forgotten and unrecognized. They often feel as if they need to apologize to the society for existing. It often encourages them to commit suicide and end their existence. They might also resort to substance abuse simply because of their unwanted feeling. When children are born, their parents are often their role models. This process makes parents responsible for all their

Individual Legal Minor Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Legal Minor Project - Essay Example ntellectual property (IP) is the general name given to the laws covering patents, trademarks, copyright, designs, circuit layouts, and plant breeder’s rights. â€Å"IP Australia recently reviewed production of the Journals. This review resulted in the decision to cease production of paper versions of the Journals, with new electronic versions being freely available on IP Australia’s website† (Cessation of Paid Advertising in IP Australia’s Official Journals Effective 26th May 2005, n.d) â€Å"It is an important part of almost any business as it can apply to confidential information, designs and inventions that contribute to the success of the business† (Intellectual Property, n.d) A desktop publisher must have good knowledge about the existing laws related to copyright, privacy and misleading advertising in order to avoid possible disputes. This paper briefly analyse the essentials a desktop publisher know about the Australian laws regarding copyright, privacy and misleading advertising. â€Å"Copyright is part of an area of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property law protects the property rights in creative and inventive endeavours and gives creators and inventors certain exclusive economic rights, generally for a limited time, to deal with their creative works or inventions† (What is intellectual property?, 2008) The purpose of copyright is to encourage people (creators of certain new things which is useful to the society) to contribute more to the wellbeing of the society. Such contributors will get some financial benefits when other people use his contributions which will encourage him to search for more new things useful to the society. ‘The primary end of the law on copyright is to give to the author of a creative work his just reward for the benefit he has bestowed on the community and also to encourage the making of further creative works’ (Copyright purposes and sources, 2009) Desktop publishers while preparing designs, captions

Western liberal democracy. The evolution of liberal democracy Thesis

Western liberal democracy. The evolution of liberal democracy - Thesis Example Liberal democracy,otherwise called constitutional democracy,is the most dominant form of democracies in the contemporary world and the phrase 'Liberal Democracy' is a frequently used to describe Western democratic political systems including the United States,Britain,New Zealand,Canada,Australia,and other nations. To define a liberal democracy, it is "a form of representative democracy where elected representatives that hold the decision power are moderated by a constitution that emphasizes protecting individual liberties and the rights of minorities in society, such as freedom of speech and assembly, freedom of religion, the right to private property and privacy, as well as equality before the law and due process under the rule of law, and many more." 1As against the distinction with the Communist People's Republics or the 'Popular Democracies' of the Cold War period, constitutional democracies in the modern period are differentiated from the direct democracies and participatory dem ocracies. The various constitutional forms of liberal democracies include republics, as in the case of the US, India, and France, and constitutional monarchy, such as the UK and Spain. This paper deals with Western liberal democracy in two sections: the evolution of liberal democracy and the nature of liberal democracy.Liberal democracy has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment in Europe in the 18th century at a time when monarchy was the practice of the time. The Western liberal democracy has emerged from the unique history of European civilisation and it has grown to become one of the most important forms of democratic government in the contemporary world. Today, one prevalent question concerning the Western liberal democracy is whether it can be served from its Western historical context and universalised for all nations of the world. The evolution of Western liberal democracy needs to be realised as the result of influential movements in the Europe, including the French Revolu tion and the English Revolution, based on the theoretical and philosophical thoughts such as liberty, equality etc. The American story of the evolution of liberal democracy is not different. "In part enlightened by European theoretical works, in part influenced by the European history, and in part responding to new life in American colonies, Madison, Hamilton and Jefferson, among others, conceived a federal republic, creating a new version of democracy which is elegant in theory but miserly in fact. It is elegant in the way it structures a durable government. It is miserly in the way it embraces the realities of the eighteenth century America, excluding a vast majority of people from the democratic process. Initially confined to one race and one gender, the base of American democracy has gradually expanded." 2 Thus, the American liberal democracy mixes reality with vision and today it has become the epitome of Western liberal democracy. Today, the eighteenth century liberalism which was based on property has been transformed o a new liberalism which is established on formal equality and liberty. . The Western liberal democracy in the contemporary world demonstrates that civil and political rights of the people can go hand in hand with higher standards of living. "In light of these achievements, liberal democracy is touted as the ideal form of government for all the peoples of the world. Any other system, including any other notion of democracy, is seen as a lesser construct, an inferior design, a recipe for social and economic backwardness." 3 Analysing the chief components in the origin and development of the Western liberal democracy, it is essential to relate to some essential sources of it. Any political ideology has a historical life, growth and development and the ideology of the Western liberal democracy is not different. Thus, it is important to have the background knowledge about the Greek heritage of democracy and the contributions of Christian theology and Roman

The Sedition and Alien Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sedition and Alien Act - Essay Example The act also brought an end to protesting to the government, restricted immigration into the United States, denied citizens freedom of speech, and also gave room for the arrest of the lawmakers. These laws were under national security guise; however, the bottom lines was that they were signed to decrease the number of people especially voters who were against the Federalist Party. It should be noted that at this point, many immigrants especially the French and Irish most of which supported the Democratic republicans and Thomas Jefferson and Madison who were the main Federalists opponents. Notably, Thomas Jefferson opposed the terms of these acts and this led to his 1800 election and brought to the end the effects of Alien and Sedition acts by 1801 (Kellogg 81). Many nations and political systems are still applying this situation or often introduce laws that favor their rules opposed to the advances of their opponents. In most cases, these have led to war and rebellion across many nations across the world. Thus, it is vital for political leaders to act or introduce acts and laws that benefit the country and the people as opposed to their personal gains especially retaining them into

SWOT Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SWOT Analysis - Assignment Example External and internal factors that may affect Catering and Ballroom Rental’s growth are therefore discussed forthwith. As a local catering company which serves both private clients and businesses in Doeuvreville and its surrounding towns, Sumptuous Cuisine Catering enjoys a longer term of experience which dates back to 2005. This experience has seen Sumptuous Cuisine Catering run catering kitchens and create itself a niche in setting logistics for upscale events within the region and providing fulltime catering services. This seven year experience has seen Sumptuous Cuisine Catering to create its domain in the perennially competitive market. Likewise, the wide variety of services that make up Sumptuous Cuisine Catering’s services include an array of breakfast cuisines, event staff and managers (logisticians), dinners, lunches, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, appetizers, space and floral designs, musicians and DJs, decor, furniture rentals and event equipment hirin g services, among others. This shows the ingenious dexterity that Sumptuous Cuisine Catering employed in crafting its business plan since the plan fully diversifies risks that come with highly specialization of operations. Sumptuous Cuisine Catering’s factoring of its strengths is also underscored by the cash reserves it not only has, but also plans to use to expand its operations. The same commitment to a tenable working plan is exemplified by the company intending to improve its gross margins to soar above previous levels as a way of preparing for extension. The company anticipates that due to this action, the loyalty of already existing clients is likely to be strengthened. Likewise, the volume of top line sales is bound to grow to more than double by the end of 2012. From the same move, the company expects a threefold rise in net profits, despite the high operational costs that are equally anticipated. Other factors that serve as Sumptuous Cuisine Catering’s source of strength include management expertise that exceed clients’ expectation, balanced expert opinions, optimal sense of professional showmanship and protection of the clients’ interests. Should the company continue to envision these values in its expansion plan, then the company is bound to continue benefitting (Anyim, 59). Despite the intricate expansion plan that Sumptuous Cuisine Catering has, it still has not managed to extricate itself from some weaknesses. Particularly, the protracted chain of operations and the plan to expand mean that the company will sustain extra operational expenses. The need to pay an increased number of employees, open and rent new premises and increase and diversify its operations, translate into high employee turnover and other forms of expenditure. The fact that Sumptuous Cuisine Catering will only have utilized the ballroom on 40% of days at the end of the oncoming three years is also a form of weakness. There are several opportunities that come with the Sumptuous Cuisine Catering plan. For instance, by extending its services to cover outdoor services such parties, banquets and business holidays, the company will have realized increased volume of sales by extending itself in the market. This diversification and extension makes up for the proneness of the market to economic cycles. Sumptuous Cuisine Catering is therefore bound to benefit from the market, given that the American market for

Relationship Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship Analysis - Research Paper Example Although these numerable theories are not a â€Å"how to† manual, but a means of getting deeper understanding into the natures of relationships between human beings. Three of these theories, offer interesting approaches as to how to understand romantic couplings and how and why people participate in interpersonal relationships. Firstly, Social Exchange Theory, as well as, two of the conceptual theories that fall under the umbrella of Social Exchange Theory, Equity Theory and Interdependence Theory. History Social Exchange Theory became popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. It works under the principle that all of human relationship behaviors are based on an exchange process. Through this they each can work to maximize rewards and avoids or minimize costs. This mental, and unconscious, a process allow the partners to measure whether their time, energy, money, and efforts balance with what they receive (Cherry, 2013). This theory has been influenced and enhanced by behavioral psyc hology, which explains that human being will repeat the behaviors that have resulted with rewards in the past. As well, as supported by Utilitarian logic, that if one receives more than the other, one will inevitably take advantage of the other (Plunkett, 2013). Simply meaning that one partner in a relationship becomes the primary giver and the other the primary receiver. Once these behaviors become habitual it will likely, not change. Equity Theory is based on the belief that people are innately drawn or desire to be treated well and valued fairly within the relationships they participate. Now, this does not necessarily mean that each partner will contribute in the same ways to the relationship, but as long as the parties involved find the relationship agreeable the a sense of balance, fairness, and equality that people wish. Unfortunately, we all do not necessarily agree on the definition of fairness is. This is when perceived imbalance can occur. When one member is not receiving positive reinforcements they may abandon the relationship. In turn, it is, also, possible for a partner who feels that the other gives much more than they do they may feel distress or guilt about this imbalance, even when that imbalance is in their favor (Deshmukh, 2011). â€Å"†¦Interdependence exists when the accomplishment of each individual’s goals is affected by the actions of others† (qtd. in Johnson & Johnson, 2013). In other words the personal successes and failures of each partner can be intertwined with one another. The theory explains that there are two types of Interdependence, positive, or cooperative, and negative, or competitive. Positive and cooperative interdependence is reflected in relationship where both partners feel that they cannot reach their goals without their partner, also, achieving their goals. Many might consider that the exact example of a committed, dedicated and equal relationship. The successes and failure are intertwined. Negativ e interdependence occurs when the partners in a relationship are competitive. One’s success can only be achieved by sacrificing the best interests of the other (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). Interestingly enough, if one partner is seeking positive interdependen

The Sedition and Alien Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sedition and Alien Act - Essay Example The act also brought an end to protesting to the government, restricted immigration into the United States, denied citizens freedom of speech, and also gave room for the arrest of the lawmakers. These laws were under national security guise; however, the bottom lines was that they were signed to decrease the number of people especially voters who were against the Federalist Party. It should be noted that at this point, many immigrants especially the French and Irish most of which supported the Democratic republicans and Thomas Jefferson and Madison who were the main Federalists opponents. Notably, Thomas Jefferson opposed the terms of these acts and this led to his 1800 election and brought to the end the effects of Alien and Sedition acts by 1801 (Kellogg 81). Many nations and political systems are still applying this situation or often introduce laws that favor their rules opposed to the advances of their opponents. In most cases, these have led to war and rebellion across many nations across the world. Thus, it is vital for political leaders to act or introduce acts and laws that benefit the country and the people as opposed to their personal gains especially retaining them into

Relationship Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship Analysis - Research Paper Example Although these numerable theories are not a â€Å"how to† manual, but a means of getting deeper understanding into the natures of relationships between human beings. Three of these theories, offer interesting approaches as to how to understand romantic couplings and how and why people participate in interpersonal relationships. Firstly, Social Exchange Theory, as well as, two of the conceptual theories that fall under the umbrella of Social Exchange Theory, Equity Theory and Interdependence Theory. History Social Exchange Theory became popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. It works under the principle that all of human relationship behaviors are based on an exchange process. Through this they each can work to maximize rewards and avoids or minimize costs. This mental, and unconscious, a process allow the partners to measure whether their time, energy, money, and efforts balance with what they receive (Cherry, 2013). This theory has been influenced and enhanced by behavioral psyc hology, which explains that human being will repeat the behaviors that have resulted with rewards in the past. As well, as supported by Utilitarian logic, that if one receives more than the other, one will inevitably take advantage of the other (Plunkett, 2013). Simply meaning that one partner in a relationship becomes the primary giver and the other the primary receiver. Once these behaviors become habitual it will likely, not change. Equity Theory is based on the belief that people are innately drawn or desire to be treated well and valued fairly within the relationships they participate. Now, this does not necessarily mean that each partner will contribute in the same ways to the relationship, but as long as the parties involved find the relationship agreeable the a sense of balance, fairness, and equality that people wish. Unfortunately, we all do not necessarily agree on the definition of fairness is. This is when perceived imbalance can occur. When one member is not receiving positive reinforcements they may abandon the relationship. In turn, it is, also, possible for a partner who feels that the other gives much more than they do they may feel distress or guilt about this imbalance, even when that imbalance is in their favor (Deshmukh, 2011). â€Å"†¦Interdependence exists when the accomplishment of each individual’s goals is affected by the actions of others† (qtd. in Johnson & Johnson, 2013). In other words the personal successes and failures of each partner can be intertwined with one another. The theory explains that there are two types of Interdependence, positive, or cooperative, and negative, or competitive. Positive and cooperative interdependence is reflected in relationship where both partners feel that they cannot reach their goals without their partner, also, achieving their goals. Many might consider that the exact example of a committed, dedicated and equal relationship. The successes and failure are intertwined. Negativ e interdependence occurs when the partners in a relationship are competitive. One’s success can only be achieved by sacrificing the best interests of the other (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). Interestingly enough, if one partner is seeking positive interdependen

The Effects of Social Media on a Business Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Social Media on a Business Essay Social media has greatly changed the way people communicate and interact with one another. There are a variety of social media sites which are used worldwide, such as Youtube, Facebook and Twitter. This type of communications method is now being used by business in marketing their products. The fact that many people use social media to discuss their thoughts and views online, has caused business to alter their communications and marketing strategies to better fit the new mean of sending out messages. Social media is presently used in place of the â€Å"old-fashioned† marketing tools, such as TV, billboards, radio, etc. This new process which business use to convey messages and promote ideas or products has formed a collaboration with its customers. A business can now gain instant feedback from its customers, tackle rumors, and post any updates about the business online. Companies reported using these social media tools was helpful for several reasons. They reported that the tools provide the following: †¢ Another way to communicate  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Added value to customers †¢ Product/brand awareness †¢ Ability to keep up with trends and competitors †¢ Demonstration of product †¢ A more cost effective and productive form of marketing. (Barnes, 2010) Objective This literature review will discuss the role that social media plays on businesses and the effect it has when promoting a business or marketing its product. This review will contain the view and analysis of experts in the use of social media by businesses, and in what way the media can benefit or damage the reputation of an organization. The research questions used were â€Å"How does social media affects businesses?† and â€Å"How can social media benefit a business?†. While The research questions were similar, they did offer a wide range of topics concerning the research objective. Searching and locating literature The main database used for the research was Polytechnic’s summons. The research questions were first used here which introduced many articles. Most of the articles found by summons were taken from the Proquest and Emerald management collection databases, among other database systems. When reviewing the articles I read the â€Å"executive summary† or the â€Å"introduction† and later decided whether to continue with the article or to exclude it. The articles which were ruled out were the ones discussing social media from a non-business perspective. Some articles which were excluded did have good ideas, even though they presented it with a different viewpoint, so I used the reference list of said articles to locate more literature and further the research to get closer to the objective. The role that social media plays on businesses Mediatization describes how media is transformed from being a mediator and instrument for other institutions to become an institution in itself (Hjarvard, 2008). This further explains that social media is now a global institution, businesses and organizations will have to find new strategies in their marketing approach which will act in accordance with today’s mediatized society. (Pallas and Fredriksson, 2010) Businesses must now learn the new ways of functioning in a mediatized society. Media, especially social media, is important for the overall view of a business. When consumers look to a business they judge it based on its reputation, a reputation which it gains through mediatization. A successful business will have to know how mediatization works, and be able to alter it so that the customers will see what the business intends to be seen. A proper image and reputation of the business will be formed. As the flow of consumer online activity began rising businesses took notice of this â€Å"phenomenon† and picked new means of reaching consumers and their targeted audience through social media. In the beginning business created blogs, wikis, and forums in order to reach their audience, but now they have heavily started using the highest ranked social media sites such as micro-blogging via Twitter, and Facebook (Li and Bernoff, 2008). The effect of social media on a business Many would argue that social media benefits a business in a positive way and is a innovative way of marketing. Electronic media brings people together, when businesses join in on this media they are now in-touch with their customers. They will be able to connect with their audience which will result in customer loyalty, which will give the business an upper hand over potential competitors (Varey, 1999). Organizations will need to incorporate social media tools into their marketing and communication strategies. Social media will shift the consumers views on the business because they will now be able to spot the degree of openness and responsiveness in the business (Schein, Wilson and Keelan, 2009). However, in her article How do the most successful companies use social media? (2010), Nora Barnes gives an opposing view on the use of social media by business. While in the short-run a business will gain a fast reputation, it will affect the business in the long-run. She argues that if a business is thought of as an â€Å"official† business with high ranking employers and maybe investors, then social media is not the correct marketing tool to be used as it shows a business as being vulnerable, and will not be thought of very highly by its high-ticketed consumers. Dury (2008) also furthers this argument by stating that marketing is different to social media and that the two should not be mixed. That it ‘destroys social medias foundations by undermining its human elements’. This is because the essence of marketing is corporate and that a social media approach will issue a softer outlook to the official corporate image of a business. An organizations reputation means everything. Executives know the importance of this, The stronger the reputation, the better quality of customers they get and the brand name begins to rise (Eccles, Newquist and Schatz, 2007). Social media is not considered a â€Å"quality† method of marketing an organization, and certainly not a brand name. An organizations quality is shown in its: †¢share of voice – how much was said; †¢performance – amount of coverage relative to one’s peers; †¢breadth of coverage – themes reported; †¢media tone – positive, neutral, negative; †¢risk profile – the ratio of positive to negative coverage for particular themes; and †¢position – whether the media reflects the organization’s desired profile. (Dowling and Weeks, 2011) Reputation is in the consumers mind therefore a company should be aware of the quality it is presenting in order to provide a positive reputation. A similar opinion was given by Mat Ramsey, mentioning â€Å"Don’t use social media for corporate communications† (Ramsay, 2010). Any updates regarding the business should be posted on its official website. If they were done via social media sites it will bring down the status and quality of the corporation. Summary The study of the above articles has proven one thing, that social media has a very important part to play in the communication and marketing section of a business, whether for the good of the business or for bad. The use of social media may benefit some businesses but it harmed others. A business must study this approach carefully when deciding to incorporate social media in the marketing strategies as the effect may make or break it. Benefits The benefits of this review is the comparison between expert opinions over the matter. Social media hasn’t been fully investigated so this review brings all the thoughts on this topic together in ordered to get a clear image on the benefits and effects of social media.

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Combined Orthodontic and Surgical Approach in the Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Dr. Abdulaziz AlShahrani Astrac While growth modification and camouflage orthodontic treatment offers a limited solution in treating some skeletal Class III malocclusion depending on the age of the patient , Underlying skeletal severity, alignment of the teeth and the vertical facial proportions, a combination of surgical and Orthodontic therapy is the treatment of choice in all severe skeletal Class III malocclusion. In this case report I present a combination of surgical-orthodontic therapy for an adult female patient with skeletal class III malocclusion which resulted in good skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationship, with marked improvement in function and facial esthetics. Keywords:Class III malocclusion, Orthognathic Surgery, surgical orthodontics Introduction Class III malocclusion is considered to be one of the most difficult and complex orthodontic problems to treat. The prevalence of class III malocclusion has been reported to be as low as 3-5% in the Caucasian population, but is higher in the Chinese and Japanese population (4-13%) (Often associated with maxillary retrusion)[i],[ii],[iii]. The etiology of class III is complex and multifactorial. However, there is usually a strong genetic contribution. Genetic factor is one of the etiological factors where one third of children with severe Class III had a parent with the same problem and one-sixth had an affected sibling[iv]. Racial tendency may play a role as the blacks have shown higher incidence than white’s[v].Environmental factors appear to play an adaptiverole in the etiology of Class III malocclusion[vi].Class III malocclusion can be associated with other factors such as cleft palate[vii]. Individuals with class III malocclusion show combinations of skeletal and dentoalveolar components. Class III malocclusion may occur as a result of protrusive mandible, retrusive maxilla, combination of both[viii]. While the most commonly found Class III malocclusion (30%) showed a combination of mandibular protrusion and maxillary retrusion, Maxillary retrusion alone was found in 19.5% of the sample and Mandibular protrusion alone was found in 19.1% of the sample[ix].These complex nature of class III requirea careful planning, amultidisciplinary approach and patient cooperation[x]. CaseReport A 17-year-old caucasian girl presented for orthodontic treatment because of referral from her dentist with primary complaint of un-esthetic facial and dental appearance. She has a hyper-divergent Class III skeletal and dental relationship. This is characterized by retrognathic maxilla, retroclined lower anterior teeth, with maximum active opening of 47mm with 5mm negative overjet and lateral excursions of 7 mm to both right and left sides. The patient has an ovoid, relatively asymmetrical face with chin slightly deviated to the left. The lip line at rest displayed approximately 2 mm of upper incisor. At full animation there was 7mm of upper incisal display and 2 mm of lower incisal edge. She has a slightly concave profile, and competent lips[Figure1]. Pretreatment extra oral photos Intraorally, the oral mucosa was healthy. There were no periodontal pockets present. The gingival tissues were inflamed especially around the prosthetic crowns. There was no bleeding tendency except sometimes with brushing. Free gingival margins were near to the CEJ and attached gingiva was of normal width throughout the mouth. The frenal attachments in both arches were normal. The tongue was normal in size, function and appearance. Teeth # 26, 36 and 46 have been crowned. There was a lingual arch placed one year ago to maintain lower incisors position. Occlusion analysis, she was in the permanent dentition and the 3rd molars were un-erupted. She has good oral hygiene. Frontal view: Shows a dental midline discrepancy. The lower dental midline is coincident with the facial midline while the upper midline is not coincident with the facial midline it’s off to the left by 2.5mm, the occlusal planewas slightly canted to the left. A negative overjet of 5 mm reported.Right and left Lateral Views Shows the canines and molars in Class III relationships. The upper occlusal view shows a U-shaped arch with well aligned anterior segment. The lower occlusal view reveals a U-shaped arch with crowding of 3.9mmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹[Figure 2]. TREATMENT OBJECTIVES Our objective is to address compensated lower incisors by proclining them to the ideal position and inclination followed by increasing the horizontal projection of the maxilla to correct upper jaw retrognathism, concave profile, class III dental relationshipand negative overiet. Increased lower facial height and hyper-divergence will be corrected byautorotation of the mandible after the advancement of the maxilla and vertical reduction genioplasty.Mandibular asymmetry will be corrected by BSSO while maintaining lower incisor position. TREATMENT PROGRESS We started Pre-surgical orthodontics using self-ligation bracket system (Roth prescription, 022†slot). Leveling and alignment of maxillary and mandibular arches began with round 0.016 niti arch wires progressing to 0.0170.025 niti arch wires. Patient was referred to extract all 3rd molars at this stage. Coordinated 0.0190.025 Stainless steel then used for arch coordination before sending the patient for surgical procedure[Figures 67]. All the movement and prediction were planned on pre-surgical lateral cephalometric x-ray using Moorres mesh as a guide. A sheet of tracing paper over the original tracing and the outline of the mandible was drawn and trimmed making a template, another template for the maxilla was produced and placed in the post-surgical position. The mandibular autorotation then simulated accordingly. The soft tissue contours then drawn using the guidelines in literatures[xi],[xii],[xiii][Figure8]. Centric relationship of Upper and lower jaws was recorded and Face bow transfer and articulation of models on a semi-adjustable articulator was done. Model surgery then performed using Erickson model blockandacrylic inter occlusal wafer splint was produced. Le fort I osteotomywas performed to advance the maxilla for 7.1 mm and Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was carried out to correct mandibular asymmetry while maintaining the A-P position of the mandible. Vertical reduction and advancement (4mm each) genioplastythen performed to address the increased lower facial height and achieve esthetically acceptable facial profile. Rigid type of fixations were used in both arches. The patient was followed closely and the post-surgical Orthodontic was resumed 3 weeks after surgery. 0.0190.025 stainless steel changed to 0.021 Ãâ€" 0.025stainless steel to express the torque. Finishing was performed with settling elastics[figures9-12]. Six months later, fixed appliances were removed and lower fixed retainer 3-3 was cemented along with upper and lower Hawley’s retainers [figures 13 14]. Cephalometric finding shows a good skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationship and improvement in the function and facial esthetics[Table 2, Figures15-17]. pre- and post-treatment cephalometrictracings Discussion This case report presents a combination of surgical and orthodontic therapy for an adult female patient with skeletal and dental class III malocclusion. The magnitude of the problem was so severe and lies outside the envelope of possible correction by orthodontics alone[xiv]. In growing patients, early treatment with maxillary expansion and protraction can result in straightening of profile after 6 months[xv]. It can also promote more favorable psychosocial development and greater compliance[xvi]. Delaying treatment can lead to development of posterior cross bite and the subsequent development of facial asymmetry[xvii].During adulthood, correction of the Class III malocclusion usually requires complex surgical procedures to achieve a good skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationship and improve the function and facial esthetics[xviii]. In this case, our objective were achieved. Compensated lower incisors were address by proclining them to the ideal position and inclination in pre-surgical orthodontic treatmentwhile in post-surgical orthodontic treatment teeth were brought into settledocclusion. Normal skeletal relationship was achieved byLe fort I osteotomyto advance the maxilla, Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to correct mandibular asymmetry while maintaining the A-P position of the mandible and vertical reduction and advancementgenioplasty [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] [x] [xi]. [xii]. [xiii] [xiv] [xv] [xvi] [xvii] [xviii]

Theres One In Every Group :: essays research papers

There's one in every Group As time passes many of us will experience an array of trials and tribulations. As we go on our many journeys though out life you’ll find that you have to be strong to make it though hard times. During Elaine’s adolescence’s she is abused physically and mentally by her peers, but later gains self-confidence. Many people may find the novel Cat’s Eye by Margaret Atwood to be very disturbing at certain times in the book. When we are first introduced to Elaine, we learn that she is a shy, young girl that doesn't have friends, all she had was her brother Stephen and her Parents. The war has just ended, and Elaine and her family have finally got a house to call there own. The only thing that Elaine is unhappy about is that she has no friends. But that would soon change. Elaine meets 3 girls from he neighborhood Grace, Cordelia, and Carol, and these are the three girls that would change Elaine's life forever. As the friendship between the 4 girls gets older, we begin to see a change. Cordelia slowly begins to take charge of the group, becoming the ringleader. " Don't do it like that or Cordelia will punish you" is the attitude that you begin to get. As time carries on in the book we see that Elaine is the one that is always getting singled out, the one that is always being picked on. The 4 girls decided to put on a play, Elaine plays the headless Mary Queen of Scots, Cordelia has been digging the hole for a while, and has collected boards to cover the hole with. "They pick me up by my the underarms and the feet and lower me in into the hole. They arrange the boards over the top. The daylight air disappears, and there's the sound of dirt hitting the boards†¦ Up above outside I can here their voices, and then I can't here them. I lie there wondering when it will be time to come out. Nothing happens. When I was put into the hole I new it was a game; now I know it is not one." Here were we see the Physical abuse, just one of the many harsh incidents that takes place in Elaine's Childhood. As time carries on in the book we notice that the relationship between the girls has changed a great deal.

Importance of Ben Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay

The Importance of Ben Loman in in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Ben Loman is an important character in Death of a Salesman but he is quite unusual.   The audience encounters Uncle Ben during Willy Loman's hallucinations of the past and as a result, it is tempting to disregard his character as just another creation of Willy's delusional mind.   However, Ben is much more than that.   His character is representative of Willy's unrealistic dreams as well as the realty of his life.   When the audience first encounters Ben (Miller 44), he represents the success that Willy is striving for.   Before the audience learns of the success that Ben encountered in Africa, they see him on the stage accompanied by an idyllic musical motif similar to that of Willy's father (Launsberry).   His father also symbolizes success.   However, it is soon clear that Ben actually represents the death that Willy will inevitably encounter.   Ben appears to the audience at times when Willy is feeling most low and possibly contemplating suicide.   He appears for the first time as Willy expresses exhausti... Importance of Ben Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Essay The Importance of Ben Loman in in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Ben Loman is an important character in Death of a Salesman but he is quite unusual.   The audience encounters Uncle Ben during Willy Loman's hallucinations of the past and as a result, it is tempting to disregard his character as just another creation of Willy's delusional mind.   However, Ben is much more than that.   His character is representative of Willy's unrealistic dreams as well as the realty of his life.   When the audience first encounters Ben (Miller 44), he represents the success that Willy is striving for.   Before the audience learns of the success that Ben encountered in Africa, they see him on the stage accompanied by an idyllic musical motif similar to that of Willy's father (Launsberry).   His father also symbolizes success.   However, it is soon clear that Ben actually represents the death that Willy will inevitably encounter.   Ben appears to the audience at times when Willy is feeling most low and possibly contemplating suicide.   He appears for the first time as Willy expresses exhausti...

Politics of Plato and Aristotle Essay

Plato and Aristotle are variably considered as some of the greatest political thinkers and philosophers the world has ever produced. It is worth noting that at one time Aristotle was a student of Plato therefore their political thoughts are almost similar yet there exists great discrepancies in their teachings. Nevertheless despite the fact that their thoughts were coined in the 4th century they still remain popular even today. In many history circles these two great political philosophers are regarded in different ways based on their political and philosophical view. Whilst Plato is variably regarded as the â€Å"first writer of political philosophy†, Aristotle on his part is considered to be the first political scientist. (Landman T 34) Abstract reason that was based on moral knowledge was the ground within which Plato based his theories making a departure from Aristotle who based his theories on experience where he envisaged applying them on concrete living. Within the political teachings of Plato the most central theme or discourse is the Republic which primarily deals with the soul that describes justice as the definitive human form. According to Plato, Justice is central to the establishment and the eventual strengthening of the regime attaining happiness in the process. For Plato a perfect society is the focal point, and in his book ‘The Republic†, he strives to create an outline of a society that is utopian in nature disregarding the tension of political life. In this outline he therefore sought to achieve a perfect society where present inherent problems are eased by curing the human personality and the society at large. According to Plato, politics is regarded as an attempt by man to bring orderliness or disorderliness in the regime or his social life. To bring order and law in the society politics is regarded as the main means to achieve this end because the Republic is a political. (Landman T 38) Aristotle on the other hand expressed his political thoughts through his writing, Politics. Unlike Plato his concern is more directed towards the regime rather than the individual and justice is the highest goal. Ultimately according to him people must live together leading to a more united regime, thus the family is highly stressed in his philosophy because this is where people originate from. Two main fields define Aristotle’s political science and include ethics and political philosophy. (Landman T 41) The politician’s task according to Aristotle is to give laws and to tailor the regime’s constitution, after this the next pertinent step for the politician is to sustain and maintain this constitution to ensure the political system is maintained. Aristotle was on the view that the regime makes up what is called a community which is generally established for some particular good. (Keyt D. & Miller, F 69) Both Aristotle and Plato had different views about appropriate leadership to govern the regime. For Aristotle the most beneficial leadership for the regime is a kingship, which is followed by Aristocracy, then Polity, Democracy, Oligarchy and finally Tyranny as its extreme. (Lord C 122). However according to Plato the highest or the most beneficial is the Timocracy which is followed by Oligarchy, then Democracy and Tyranny at the bottom. Plato had a more pessimistic view of the change in regime which he regarded as a linear circumstance that is uncontrollable which is always deteriorating. Thus a regime can never improve in any way. Aristotle on the other hand is of a divergent opinion that is optimistic and considers change as a non-linear progression that can sometimes go from worse to better and vice- versa, where the regime has a probability of rehabilitating itself.